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Borki train disaster
The Borki train disaster occurred on near Borki station in the former Kharkov Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Kharkiv Oblast of Ukraine), 295 kilometers south of Kursk, when the imperial train carrying Tsar Alexander III of Russia and his family from Crimea to Saint Petersburg derailed at high speed. Twenty-one people died at the scene and two later, with between 12 and 33 injured. According to the official version of events, Alexander held the collapsed roof of the royal car on his shoulders while his family escaped the crash site uninjured. The story of the miraculous escape became part of contemporary lore and government propaganda. The investigation into the crash, led by , resulted in the appointment of railway manager and future Prime Minister of the Russian Empire Sergei Witte as the Director of State Railways.
==The accident==
The imperial family was en route from Crimea to Saint Petersburg. Contrary to railway rules of the period that limited commercial passenger trains to 42 axles, the imperial train of fifteen carriages actually had 64 axles, well above the safety limit. Its weight was within the limits set for freight trains, but the train actually travelled at express speeds. It was hauled by two steam engines, a combination that caused dangerous vibrations that, according to Sergei Witte, directly caused the derailment.〔 Technical flaws of the royal train were known in advance, yet it had operated for nearly a decade without incidents.〔
21 people were killed instantly. According to official reports, corroborated by Sergei Witte's memoirs,〔 at the moment of the crash the royal family was in the dining car. Its roof collapsed in the crash, and Alexander held the remains of the roof on his shoulders as the children fled outdoors.〔 Later Soviet, Russian, and foreign authors denounced this version, claiming that the side walls of the car remained strong enough to support the roof.〔Harcave, p. 32〕〔, chapter 2.〕
None of the royal family initially appeared to be hurt, but the onset of Alexander's kidney failure was later linked to the blunt trauma suffered in Borki.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=17 октября 1888 года )〕〔Witte, p. 205, mentions this version of Alexander's illness as uncertain: "Many believed that..."〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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